Manejo perioperatorio de pacientes usuarios de antidepresivos / Perioperative management of patients using antidepressants

El uso de antidepresivos en el perioperatorio es muy frecuente, y la práctica clínica indica que los pacientes usuarios de antidepresivos que son sometidos a cirugía tienen un riesgo perioperatorio aumentado. No existen en la actualidad guías clínicas basadas en la evidencia que orienten el manejo de este tipo de pacientes, por lo que las recomendaciones se basan en las escasas revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis disponibles, reportes de casos y opinión de expertos, que en muchos casos resultan controversiales. La decisión de mantener o suspender la medicación antidepresiva implica considerar los riesgos tanto desde el punto de vista fisiológico (características generales del paciente, riesgos asociados al antidepresivo utilizado, la cirugía propiamente como tal, la interacción con fármacos frecuentemente utilizados en el perioperatorio, entre otros) como desde el punto de vista psiquiátrico (riesgo de síndrome de retirada, recaída de la enfermedad psiquiátrica, intentos suicidas), por lo que la decisión debe ser tomada idealmente de forma multidisciplinaria entre cirujanos, anestesiólogos y psiquiatras, con la idea de confeccionar un plan quirúrgico, anestésico y de manejo perioperatorio seguro para el paciente.

Antidepressant use in the perioperative is a common practice, and clinical evidence shows that surgical patients using antidepressants have an increased perioperative risk. There are not evidence-based guidelines for the perioperative management of these patients, and recommendations are based on few systematic reviews and meta-analysis, case reports and expert opinion, which in many cases are controversial. The decision to continue or discontinue the medication involves considering general patient characteristics, risks associated with the antidepressant used, type of surgery, interaction with drugs commonly used in the perioperative, risk of withdrawal symptoms, relapse of psychiatric disease and suicide risk, so decision should be made between surgeons, anesthesiologists and psychiatrists, in order to design a safe management plan for the patient who undergo surgery.

Cuidado perioperatorio de pacientes portadores de dispositivos electrónicos cardíacos implantables / Perioperative care in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices

Dado el creciente número de pacientes con dispositivos electrónicos cardíacos implantables (DECI), que incluyen marcapasos y/o cardiovertores-desfibriladores implantables, el manejo perioperatorio de aquellos que serán sometidos a cirugía requiere que el equipo quirúrgico esté familiarizado con estos dispositivos y sus implicancias, con la finalidad de disminuir los eventos adversos. Las guías clínicas actuales recomiendan un manejo multidisciplinario. Sin embargo, cuando estas condiciones no son posibles, tanto el equipo quirúrgico como anestésico deben ser capaces de proveer un manejo perioperatorio seguro y efectivo. Este debe ser individualizado a cada paciente, tipo de dispositivo y procedimiento quirúrgico al que será sometido, por lo que una única recomendación no es apropiada para todos los casos. En esta revisión se describen las principales recomendaciones para el manejo perioperatorio de pacientes usuarios de marcapasos y/o cardiovertores-desfibriladores implantables.

With the increased number of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED), which include pacemakers and/or implantable cardioverter- defibrillators, the perioperative management of those patients who will be undergoing surgery requires that surgical team to become familiar with these devices and their implications, in order to reduce the adverse outcomes. Current guidelines recommend a multidisciplinary approach of these patients. However, when these conditions are not feasible, both surgical and anesthesia team should be able to provide a safe and effective perioperative environment. This management should be individualized for each patient, type of device and surgical procedure; therefore a single recommendation is not appropriate for all cases. The main recommendations for the perioperative management of patients with pacemakers and/or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators are described in this review.

[Breath tests in children with suspected lactose intolerance]. / Análisis de test de aire espirado en niños con sospecha de intolerancia a la lactosa.

INTRODUCTION: Up to 70% of the world population is lactose intolerance. However, there are no epidemiological studies among Chilean pediatric population affected by this condition. OBJECTIVES: Clinical characterization of a series of children who underwent the lactose intolerance breath test for lactose intolerance study, establishing intolerance and malabsorption frequencies, the most frequent symptoms, and test performance depending on the origin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients under 18 years old who took the lactose intolerance breath test in the Gastroenterology Laboratory of the Catholic University of Chile, and who were admitted due to clinically suspected lactose intolerance. Malabsorption was considered when there was as an increase of ≥20ppm above the baseline (H2) or ≥34ppm of H2 and methane (CH4) combined. Intolerance was considered when the above was associated with a symptom intensity score ≥7 during registration. RESULTS: The analysis included194 patients aged 1 to17 years of age. Of these, 102 (53%) presented with malabsorption, and 53 (27%) were intolerant. The frequency of lactose intolerance varied from 7.1 to 45.4%, and it occurred more frequently at older ages. The most common reported symptoms were abdominal pain, bloating and rumbling. DISCUSSION: Lactose malabsorption and intolerance can be investigated from the first years of life using the lactose breath test plus a symptom questionnaire. An increase in the frequency of intolerance with age, and a greater number of positive tests, if they were requested by a gastroenterologist, were observed.

Análisis de test de aire espirado en niños con sospecha de intolerancia a la lactosa / Breath tests in children with suspected lactose intolerance

Introducción: Un 70% de la población general presenta intolerancia a la lactosa; sin embargo, no existen estudios epidemiológicos en la población pediátrica chilena afectada por esta condición. Objetivos: Caracterizar una serie clínica de niños que acude a realizarse el test de aire espirado con lactosa para estudio de intolerancia a la lactosa, determinando la frecuencia de intolerancia y malabsorción, síntomas más frecuentes y rendimiento del test dependiendo de su origen. Pacientes y Método: Pacientes menores de 18 años que acudieron a realizarse el test de aire espirado con lactosa al Laboratorio de Gastroenterología de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, por sospecha clínica de intolerancia a la lactosa. Se consideró malabsorción un aumento ≥ 20 ppm sobre el nivel basal de hidrógeno (H2) o ≥ 34 ppm de H2 y metano (CH4) en conjunto y como intolerancia cuando lo anterior se asoció a la sumatoria de intensidad de síntomas ≥ 7 en el registro. Resultados: Se analizaron 194 pacientes entre 1 y 17 años de edad. De ellos, 102 (53%) pacientes resultaron malabsorbedores y 53 (27%) intolerantes. La frecuencia de intolerancia a la lactosa varió de un 7,1 a un 45,4%, con una mayor frecuencia a edades mayores. Los síntomas más reportados fueron dolor abdominal, meteorismo y borborigmo. Discusión: La malabsorción e intolerancia a lactosa se pueden pesquisar desde los primeros años de vida utilizando el test de aire espirado con lactosa asociado al cuestionario simultáneo de síntomas. Se puede observar un aumento en la frecuencia de intolerancia con la edad, además de una mayor positividad del examen si es solicitado por un gastroenterólogo.

Introduction: Up to 70% of the world population is lactose intolerance. However, there are no epidemiological studies among Chilean pediatric population affected by this condition. Objectives: Clinical characterization of a series of children who underwent the lactose intolerance breath test for lactose intolerance study, establishing intolerance and malabsorption frequencies, the most frequent symptoms, and test performance depending on the origin. Patients and Methods: Patients under 18 years old who took the lactose intolerance breath test in the Gastroenterology Laboratory of the Catholic University of Chile, and who were admitted due to clinically suspected lactose intolerance. Malabsorption was considered when there was as an increase of ≥ 20 ppm above the baseline (H2) or ≥ 34 ppm of H2 and methane (CH4) combined. Intolerance was considered when the above was associated with a symptom intensity score ≥ 7 during registration. Results: The analysis included194 patients aged 1 to17 years of age. Of these, 102 (53%) presented with malabsorption, and 53 (27%) were intolerant. The frequency of lactose intolerance varied from 7.1 to 45.4%, and it occurred more frequently at older ages. The most common reported symptoms were abdominal pain, bloating and rumbling. Discussion: Lactose malabsorption and intolerance can be investigated from the first years of life using the lactose breath test plus a symptom questionnaire. An increase in the frequency of intolerance with age, and a greater number of positive tests, if they were requested by a gastroenterologist, were observed.